Transformation vs. Transduction =====
Principle of Transformation:Stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed, or changed between environmental stimulus and perception.
Transduction: The transformation of one form of energy to another form
Key words:========
Light from an object is inverted as it falls on the retina. The same pattern of light could be caused by an infinite number of different objects, yet our brains usually manage to make the correct interpretation. This is known as the inverse projection problem.
2.visual attention
3.change blindness
4.inattentional blindness
5.Proximal Stimulus 近側刺激
The optical image on the retina –是進到我們感官受器內的、 關於外在實體的訊息刺激。
6.Distal Stimulus 遠測刺激
A physical object in the world –指的是那個外在實體本身。
7.Neural processing
the changes that occur as signals are transmitted through the maze of neurons.
8.Primary receiving area
• Occipital lobe
•Temporal lobe
•Parietal lobe
9.Recognition
occurs when an object is placed in a category giving it meaning.
10.Knowledge
is any information the perceiver brings to a situation.
11.Bottom-up processing/data-based processing
Processing based on incoming stimuli from the environment
–Also called data-based processing
Processing based on incoming stimuli from the environment
–Also called data-based processing
12.Top-down processing/knowledge-based processing
Processing based on the perceiver’s previous knowledge (cognitive factors)
–Also called knowledge-based processing
13.Absolute threshold
-smallest amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus (能夠引起感覺經驗的最小刺激)
14.Method of limits （極限法）
• Stimuli of different intensities presented in ascending and descending order
• Observer responds to whether she perceived the stimulus
• Cross-over point is the threshold
15.Method of adjustment （調整法）
Stimulus intensity is adjusted continuously until observer detects it
•Repeated trials averaged for threshold
16.Method of constant stimuli (定值刺激法)
•Five to nine stimuli of different intensities are presented in random order
•Multiple trials are presented
•Threshold is the intensity that results in detection in 50% of trials.
17.Psychometric function心理計量函數
A graph that shows the percentage of detections at each stimulus intensity
18.Difference Threshold (DL：差異閾) (j.n.d.恰辨差: just noticeable difference)smallest difference between two stimuli a person can detect
–Same methods can be used as for absolute threshold
–As magnitude of stimulus increases, so does DL
–As magnitude of stimulus increases, so does DL
而Weber’s Law 韋伯定律用於解釋之間的關聯，DL / S = K
在同類刺激之下，其差異閾限的大小是隨著標準刺激強弱而成一定比例關係的，如果我們用I代表原來的刺激量，用ΔI代表剛能引起較強感覺的刺激增加量，用K代表一個常數，那麼就可以用公式K＝ΔI/I來表示。
在同類刺激之下，其差異閾限的大小是隨著標準刺激強弱而成一定比例關係的，如果我們用I代表原來的刺激量，用ΔI代表剛能引起較強感覺的刺激增加量，用K代表一個常數，那麼就可以用公式K＝ΔI/I來表示。
註：
- 閾限：是物理刺激能量可以被個人覺察的臨界點。
- 絕對閾限：是個體對單一刺激引起感覺經驗時，所需最低的刺激強度。
- 差異閾限：辨別兩個刺激之間的差異時，這兩種刺激強度最低的差異量。
延伸：
https://read01.com/zh-tw/mDeKMM.html#.XAtt6WgzZPY
As intensity increases, the perceived magnitude increases more ’slowly’ than the intensity.
20.Response expansion（知覺擴張）
As intensity increases, the perceived magnitude increases more ’quickly’ than the intensity.
21.Steven’s Power Law
Relationship between intensity (S) and perceived magnitude(P) is a power function
–Steven’s Power Law
•P = KS*n次方
K是各類型刺激的常數
22.Phenomenological
Searching for stimuli
–Visual search -observers look for one stimulus in a set of many stimuli
•Reaction time (RT) -time from presentation of stimulus to observer’s response is measured
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